Improving Education

Education of diverse students in public schools

Education is a vital aspect in creating strong communities. One of the challenges that is increasingly facing public schools, especially in America, is the difficulty of educating a diverse population of students. With the rise of globalization, the number of students coming to school in America from other countries is constantly growing. This can be hard, because schools are obligated to meet these students' needs on cultural, linguistic, and other levels. 

Working at a local elementary school as a part of a PLU mentor program, I have seen the importance of having programs that work towards getting all students fully engrained in the public school systems, such as English Language Learners (ELL).  ELL works to keep students who are learning English as a secondary language up to the same proficiency level as students who speak English as a primary language, or who speak English in their home. In my estimation, many ELL students benefit greatly from the program and are happy to use the extra help they are receiving.  Anthropology is important in the implementation of these types of programs. It gives an opportunity to study and learn about the other languages that the students are coming to school with, to learn about the cultures that these students are coming from, etc.

This helps in building tolerance, which is an important component in creating a successful, diverse school environment for all. Learning about the different lifestyles gives anthropologists a chance to teach other non-foreign students and teachers things about the foreign cultures to which their classmates or pupils may belong. Integration and the teaching of tolerance for other customs is the only way to avoid ignorance, discrimination, and negativity, which are all too common in diverse schools.

The Grapes (or, should I say, the oranges) of Wrath

Extra Credit # 3

One book that drastically changed the way that I viewed the world was The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck. I had to read it as summer reading for an English class that I took in junior year of high school. In the book, American farmers are forced to travel across the country to the West in search of work, land, and survival during and following the Great Depression. The region where they had worked had become useless because of drought, and they were forced to leave it in search of better chances.

There was one particular section of the book that had a profound impact on my life. It was the part of the story when companies where burning massive tons of oranges in order to keep the prices up, meanwhile people (migrants, or "Oakies", as they were called) were looking on in sadness, many dying of starvation. This was the first time in my life that I felt a real sense of injustice because of issues like this - and this is still a very real issue in some places. Food is constantly being wasted, thrown out because of excess, while it would be able to feed those who have nothing.  Of course I had seen all the commercials of the dying African babies, and had heard about the unbelievable amount of people in the world that live on less than one dollar per day, but I had not understood the major role that corporations and governments often play in these situations until reading this book.

Throughout the rest of the story, there were many other points that stirred anger and confusion in me. The book made me want to reach in and lend a hand to those suffering people. Although the specific characters were fictional, the reality is that these injustices did happen, and still do today.  The Grapes of Wrath helped me to know that whether or not the "fat and happy" people are paying attention, there are many people that are faced with horribly unfair situations daily. Now, in my everyday life, I try to be more aware of issues such as this that still continue.

Dancing y el arte

While watching the "Where the Hell is Matt?" video, I felt inspired and excited. Personally, I love to travel, too meet new people, and to learn about other cultures. What better way than to do this than by dancing and having fun? Seeing all of those different people going out and having a good time, regardless of whether or not they looked like fools, made me smile. The children and old people that danced were my favorites. They seemed so happy.

During the video I was struck by the commonality between all people on earth - from tribes in Papua New Guinea, to middle-class Americans from San Francisco; everyone looked joyous while dancing.  Although some of the styles were different, the evidence of the strong emotional effect that the dancing had on each person was strong. I believe that is why "the arts" are so culturally universal. All of the components of art (theater, music, dance, visual arts, etc.) tend to have immense effects on peoples' emotional well-being. Art can make people happy, sad, scared, surprised, and it can even help them deal with grief, among other things. From what I have witnessed, people seem to enjoy art because of this strong emotional connection that it invokes.  This ties in with other cultural aspects. Since culture is shared between many people in a group, art is one of the outlets through which people can share ideas, beliefs, and emotions with others in society. Because of art, different cultures can be identified by looking at their specific styles of art and/or art forms. Art helps to bind people together - both culturally, and universally. 

Religión

While watching In God's Name, I found the most important question that was also on the film guide to be the first one listed: "What commonalities among all the religions can you perceive?" I think this question is very important to answer, because it works to find the similarities in between different religions, which is not something that is done very often. In my experience, people tend to disregard this common ground, leading to misunderstanding, hate, and violence. One of the religious leaders in the film described all religion as "humanity's desire to touch the divine" or, in other words, that the purpose of religion is to bring people to closer to God. This makes sense to me. Before judging others for their religious beliefs, people need to realize that the other's beliefs most likely stem from the same longing that their own beliefs do - the longing to be closer to a higher being. 

Another common theme shared by many religions (although not quite all) is the tendency to think that only their viewpoints are correct. This can be seen in the way that people are quick to judge the customs practiced by other religions, including things such as their religious rites or even their attire. A good example can be seen in chapter 24 of the CC book which is entitled Symbolizing Roles: Behind the Veil. In this article, different opinions are expressed concerning women wearing veils that cover their face. Although some religions believe this practice to be good and right, others think it is oppressive, demeaning, etc. At the same time, even between those that do agree on whether or not veils should be worn have different reasons for coming to this conclusion. I use this (small) example of disagreement between religions to say that the need to be "the right religion" has led to much quarreling, which has prevented unity.

One of the aspects of a different religion in the film that I found to be the most interesting was about the Hindi spiritual leader, known to many as Amma. It was refreshing to learn about someone so giving and so full of love. I think what she is doing is very important missionary work, but it is not what many would even consider missionary work in the U.S. She doesn't spend time trying to convince people to repent or to chastise them for sinning; instead, she offers them unconditional love with the hug she gives.

It is important to understand about other religions for a few reasons. Learning the truth about other religions helps to break stereotypes. This does not mean that everyone has to agree with each religion, but that people should at least know the facts about the religion before they judge it.  Understanding other religions, as shown by the film in class, also brings about an awareness of the commonalities found in humanity.

Marriage y "La Familia"

     The purpose of marriage, in my mind, is to build a strong tie between two people.  A spouse is someone with whom to share your life. This view may be romanticized and somewhat unrealistic, especially since my parents are divorced (one being divorced twice).  However, watching what my parents have gone through has made me examine the meaning of marriage - and I have decided that marriage should be something about which both spouses are VERY sure.   

     Having divorced parents has also made my definition of a "normal" family stretch.  Personally, I have seen family include everything from a mother and two kids, to the all-American "nuclear family", to a large extended family that includes seven sets of aunts and uncles and twenty-five cousins.  But the loose definition that I assign to my family does not negate the importance of family in my life. All through growing up my family has played an integral part in my life, and I know it will continue to do so.

     In some ways, this is similar to the views expressed about kin in the article 'Family and Kinship in Village India' by David W. McCurdy.  Although no one I know in my family has been involved in an arranged marriage, those in my family do frequently consult other members (even from the extended family) in making important decisions.  A huge difference that I noticed from the readings and the movie concerned new family members being added.  In both the article 'Uterine Families and the Women's Community' by Margery Wolf and the movie about the Masai, new brides were treated with disdain by those in her new family, especially by the other women.  In all of my family, new additions are generally welcomed warmly.

    I was a little surprised by the way that other cultures view sexuality, marriage, and family. It is interesting to me that many Americans view sexuality in a more strict "one-or-the-other" sense, while some other cultures take a more open interpretation. Also, I re-learned that Americans have much less structure in the way of marriage rituals, custom's, etc, than can be found in other parts of the world.  These are aspects that I had known about before, but that are easy to overlook or forget.

Gender in Society

It is easy to take the freedoms and liberties that are offered to American citizens, men and women, for granted. Looking at the rituals that are practiced among the Masai brings an awareness of this ungratefulness. The Masai have a strict system set in place as to each individual's role in society. It is known, for example, that every man will serve as a Masai warrior from the ages of 18 to 30. I am thankful that there are more options for the next 12 years of my life in U.S. society than this. In terms of decisions, Masai women especially have virtually no choice regarding what they will do with their lives. At the proper age the women are circumcised and given away as wives, and then live out the rest of their days working for their husbands. They cannot own their own property, or even protest being mistreated by their husbands.  A women who cannot bear children is useless to the Masai society. These traditions are obviously vastly different than in the U.S., and could even be perceived by someone from outside of the Masai culture as a gross violation of human rights. 

The question then becomes, "Do universal human rights exist? And who decides what these include?"  It is easy for an American to look in on the Masai and say that the way that they treat women is wrong; but the Masai do not think it is. Who are we to tell them how they should live their lives?  It would be ineffective to march into a Masai village and tell the people that they were no longer allowed to circumcise their women or that they had to let them choose their own husbands.  Personally, I believe that education is a key component in this debate. Every person should be given the opportunity to learn about different customs, and then decide how they want to live their own life--but, sadly, this an unrealistic objective.  

The value of gender in society is difficult to say. In cultures such as the Masai, it is easy to see how gender is important as the deciding factor for how one will spend his/her life. In other cultures, however, gender plays a significantly lesser role.  In Heading Home: Women, Work, and Identity in America, Dianna Shandy and Karine Moe note that in some cultures, such as the Wosho Indians of California and the Hadza of Tanzania, there exists gender equality.  Unfortunately, this is not the norm in many societies, including in our own. Although women have been given all of the same rights as men in the U.S., they are still left with many of the "duties" that they had to do when they were not allowed to work.  What results is women working just as hard  as their male counterparts during the workday, and then returning home to take care of the children and maintain the house. Examples of this can be seen in Global Women in the New Economy, by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. 

A two-gender system brings challenges in that it does not necessarily encompass everyone.  There are those who do not fit the stereotypes biologically or mentally. Furthermore, because many aspects of life are classified in society as pertaining to either gender (ex: pink is a "girl color" and blue is a "boy color"), people get confused when they don't feel that they don't agree with or fit into the particular stereotype. This is becoming less of an issue in U.S. culture today, as people are learning that not everything is a black and white (or as boy and girl) as they once though it was.  This can be seen in anything from men and women performing the same jobs (whether at work or in the home) to the distinction between some boys and girls clothing becoming less.

Reflect on the unique history of the United States. Each nation has its own unique history that created its cultural values, political structure, and legal code. After reading the two C&C case studies for the week, how was the United States influenced by non-state societies in its founding? What contributions were made by smaller-scale societies? Were you surprised by these contributions?

In the article 'The Founding Indian Fathers,' Jack Weatherford demonstrates some of the ways that Native Americans helped to shape the current governmental system used in the United States. Native American political entities and organizations (most prominently the Iroquois League) strongly influenced this country's foundation. Concerning federalism, for example, Weatherford writes that "The Indians invented it even though the United States patented it." (CC, p. 285).  This shows that without the idea given by these people, who were referred to as "savages," the United States would not necessarily be the nation that it is today. This idea is strange to me, because I always assumed that the Founding Fathers of our country came to America with all the bright ideas, and just needed to get away from British tyranny to set them into action. It does not help to correct these misconceptions that the Indians have never been credited for their help in creating a model for U.S. Federal Government, as Weatherford points out at the bottom of page 289.

Secondly, how do the U.S. cultural values and ideas about “good” government impact our decisions in foreign policy? How can our assumptions, coming from our own unique history, cloud our understanding of other nations’ political systems and values? How might we use our understanding of other cultures and their political systems to better foreign policy?

The U.S. has become infamous for trying to beat democracy into other nations, and particularly into Iraq. Robin Fox writes about this dilemma in the article entitled 'The kindness of Strangers: The U.S. and Iraq.' Fox argues that because government officials believe so strongly in "American democracy," they find it their duty to try to spread it across the globe. Surely other nations would want freedom and equal voices for all members in society, as is the goal of the U.S.?  Unfortunately, that is not the case, and U.S. officials have failed at giving democracy a good name for many Arabic countries due to their harsh, non-understanding foreign policy tactics. U.S. history has shown that oppression is wrong; but it took the United States (and other democratic countries) a considerable amount of time to realize this. Supposing that Iraqi values were the same as those of the U.S., the U.S. still could not reasonably expect Iraq to change its policies overnight to suit U.S. desires.  This is only heightened by the fact that cultural values in these two countries are drastically different, from the rights of the individual, to the rights of females, even to appropriate marriage partners.  To better U.S. foreign policy, Fox suggests that "Before we try to make them over in our image, we should remember how unnervingly recent was our own makeover, and act with becoming humility and caution." (CC, pp. 296-297). Also, Fox writes that we must understand that the "Iraqi People," are really only unified in that the live in the same relative geographic location, and that they put more emphasis on tribal unity than doing anything for the "good of the country."  If we remember that they hold these values differently than we do, perhaps we become less impatient with the positive, however slow, changes they are making. 

The Effects of Globalization

Watching the video (Miniature Earth) should not have been surprising to me.  I have seen other videos like it, and have heard statistics like the ones presented in previous classes.  Unfortunately, it is all too easy to forget about the people in the world that are hungry and destitute when I never have to worry about things like that myself.  What jumped out at me from this articular film was the statistic that nine out of every one hundred people are disabled--something I had not really considered.  I also learned that only twelve percent of people in the world are white.  This came as a bit of a shock to me, because of the way "race" is portrayed by American media.  Once you step back and think about it, that number makes sense; but I think many people would assume, as I did, that there is a greater world population of white people just because caucasians are treated as the "majority" in American culture.

I believe that many Americans have misconceptions about the world concerning population vs. wealth distribution.  These misconceptions are due in part by the pervasiveness of American media and a lack of education.  Someone may hear the word "globalization" and think it could only be a good thing. What could be bad about giving agrarian farmers in third world countries work?  They do not see that more often than not, the third world countries get the short end of the stick when doing business with developed nations, such as the United States.  A perfect example of this can be found in the article 'Cocaine and the Economic Deterioration of Bolivia', by Jack Weatherford.  Although cocaine trade is illegal, it still serves as a legitimate example for how American (or "The West's) seemingly harmless demand for a product may force another nation into extreme negative circumstances, both economically and culturally.  Weatherford himself states "... I assumed that if Americans and Europeans wanted to waste their money on cocaine, it was probably good that some of the poor countries such as Bolivia profit from it." (CC, p. 158)  Through his research, Weatherford discovered that not only did the increasing cocaine market damage Bolivia's legal economic endeavors on a large scale, but that it also disrupted everything down to family dynamics in many cases.

Yes, good things can come out of globalization (such as the availability of resources like the internet spreading to all ends of the Earth). Benefits can also be seen to a certain extent in the video we watched in class about the Lost Boys of Sudan.  Without a global network, many of the young men that had immigrated here may not have been given the opportunity to do so (although numerous boys in the film voiced frustrations that America wasn't all that was promised).  I would argue that in most cases, however, the costs that globalization takes on developing or third world countries strongly outweighs the benefits.  Aside from being manipulated and exploited, the peoples and cultures of these varying countries lose their distinctiveness. If standards are not set for working conditions world wide, how can "developing countries" continue to develop? 

A Me Tree

Roots

 I value...

 - My family

 - Relationships with other people

 - Enjoying life

 - Compassion

 - New experiences

 - Communication

 - Nature

 - Learning

 - Humor

 - Music / Art / Expression

Trunk

 I show this through...

 - Spending time with "my people"

 - Sharing with others

 - Looking on the bright side

 - Reserving judgement

 - Trying (almost) everything at least one

 -  Learning foreign languages / Learning about other cultures

 - Traveling

 - Appreciating the beauty of the world (I'm very fortunate to live in Washington!)

 - Going to college

 - Telling jokes and laughing often

 - Playing instruments / Singing / Dancing / Drawing

Branches

 This labels me as ...

 - a People person

 - Giving

 - Positive

 - Accepting / non-judgmental

 - Adventurous

 - Bilingual (a Spanish speaker) 

 - Well traveled

 - a Greener / "Dirty Hippie"  :)

 - Educated

 - Funny

 - Musical / Creative

 

 - - - - I believe my roots and actions are directly related to my labels.  They make up who I am as a person, and I try to be as true to myself as I can be when I am around others.  I feel like others see what is important to me by the way I act, and label me based on those aspects.  (I hope they do, at least) - - - - 

Mi Gente

My People are not only white, middle-class Americans; 

Although that is how I started out.

In the same way, my People are not only my family;

Although that is how they started out.

In the beginning I had only my family

to learn from

to love

to be in community with.

But my family laid the groundwork for my life,

and taught me who to be

so that I could find mi gente;

so that I could find my people.

My family is the core of my People.

It is diverse - it is different.

My family is African, but not black,

and it also a little black, but not African.

It has lived in South America,

it has lived in Michigan,

and also in Tenino.

My family has been born,

sometimes with disabilities,

and has had illegitimate children,

and has sometimes died.

It has taught me to keep my chin up.

To be diplomatic.

To believe.  

And to love everyone as if they were my family.

So mi gente is no longer only my family,

but everyone that I care about or has shaped my life.

They are my friends, confidants, pals. 

Mi gente speaks many languages -  

English, Spanish, French, Swahili, Kirundi, Khmer, Chinese, Russian, Turkmen, German, Danish, Thai and more.

Mi gente, like my family, is different. It is unexpected and big.  

Research ethics 2/22

As seen in the article 'Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS' by Claire E. Sterk, anthropological researchers may be confronted with many challenges in order to complete their research.  In Sterk's case, one of these big challenges was trying to gain access into the group she was studying.  Since prostitution is illegal in the area where she was conducting her research, she could not just walk up to any random woman on the street and have them fill out a questionnaire, or start grilling them with questions.  Instead, she had to make herself visible to the women, and very slowly gain their respect and trust.  Once they trusted her, she was able to obtain the information that she needed in a more informal fashion.

In her research, Sterk experienced instances when she needed to make moral and ethical judgement calls regarding her place as a ethnographer.  She writes, "I failed to know the proper response when asked to engage in illegal activities such as holding drugs or money a woman had stolen from a customer. In general, my response was to explain that I was there as a researcher."  (Sterk, p39.) Sterk's refusal to help the women in this type of situation could have cost her the trust of her informant, but it was imperative.  As an ethnographer, it was important for Sterk to remove herself as much as possible, rather than either doing the favor for the woman (compromising her morals), or turning the woman in to the authorities (an ethical dilemma).  Ethnographers studying all different cultures may face this problem, although in different forms. In an instance where serious harm is being done to a person, such as female circumcision, it would be very hard for the ethnographer not to step in and help.  An important factor for the researcher to consider would be whether or not the people participating in the practice want to continue the practice or not.  If they want help to stop the practice, perhaps a reasonable thing that the researcher could do would be to call aid organizations such as the Red Cross, to try to send educators concerning the dangers of the practice, hopefully alleviating some of the problem.

It would be extremely difficult to set world standards regarding activism against social problems.  There is no "measure of morality" between all of the distinctive cultures.  As a humanitarian, I am tempted to say that ethnographers should use their research to try to stop human suffering (ie. rape, genital mutilation, slavery), but I know that there are many people who believe that is overstepping boundaries.  Sometimes, all that can be done is to educate. Some cultures that practice genital mutilation may not fully know of all of the physical risks that it causes.  In the same way, many Americans probably do not know of the things that go on in nursing homes or daycares. It would be very hard to persuade many Americans not to put their elderly parents in nursing homes or to not let their children go to daycare, but research and statistics on the poor treatment conditions in some of these places might at least cause people to think harder about their decisions, and would be worth the effort. 

Body Ritual Among the Nacirema

Having read about the Nacirema for my sociology class in the fall, I was able to view this culture from a new perspective while reading about it for anthropology.  The first time I read this article I was shocked.  I could not understand how any culture could be so obsessive about the body, or be so concerned with the opinions of others.  I will admit that I skimmed this first reading, and missed the location of this group of people, thereby missing the fact that the author was writing about Americans.  It was easy to judge the Nacirema from an outsider's perspective.  I found the description of the way that the Nacirema viewed the body sad, and at some points, even comical. I was especially confused about their view of the mouth, and by their latipso "temple".  Any similarities I found between these people and what I know from my own culture, I discounted (such as the similarity between the "bundle of hog hairs" and our toothbrush).  I could not see the similarities because I did not want to admit that my culture had anything in common with such a tribal, seemingly harsh culture.  When my sociology professor explained who the Nacirema were to those of us that had not made the connection, I was embarrassed.  The article made so much more sense - it was a view of the American culture as it might be seen through the eyes of an outsider.  This forced me to rethink some of the ideas that our culture perpetuates, as well as to rethink the way in which I view cultures other than my own.  However different it may seem, I cannot fully understand a ritual or custom that is strange and ridiculous to me unless I become a part of that culture.  If my own culture can be made to sound so barbaric to me just through the word choice used to describe it, how much stranger could an exotic culture seem if the research is not reported in an objective manner?